15 research outputs found
Global maps of soil temperature
Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km2 resolution for 0\u20135 and 5\u201315 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km2 pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10\ub0C (mean = 3.0 \ub1 2.1\ub0C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 \ub1 2.3\ub0C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler ( 120.7 \ub1 2.3\ub0C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications
Global maps of soil temperature
Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-kmÂČ resolution for 0â5 and 5â15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e., offset) between in-situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-kmÂČ pixels (summarized from 8500 unique temperature sensors) across all the worldâs major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (-0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in-situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications
Global maps of soil temperature
Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-kmÂČ resolution for 0â5 and 5â15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e., offset) between in-situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-kmÂČ pixels (summarized from 8500 unique temperature sensors) across all the worldâs major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (-0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in-situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications
Global maps of soil temperature.
Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km2 resolution for 0-5 and 5-15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km2 pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (-0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications
Dynamics of epicotyl emergence of Quercus robur from different climatic regions is strongly driven by post-germination temperature and humidity conditions
Pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) is an important component of temperate forests in the north-
ern hemisphere. It occurs naturally across Europe and in parts of North Africa, the Balkans, the Urals and
the Caucasus. In Poland, it predominantly grows on the plains at â€700 m a.s.l.
The main objective of this study was to determine how different temperature-humidity growth conditions
influence dormancy breakage and epicotyl emergence in Q. robur, using growth curve models. We also in-
vestigated whether these differences result from changes in the climatic conditions under which the oak
populations grow naturally.
In this study, we selected four pedunculate oak stands in western and eastern Poland. These sites were char-
acterised by oceanic and continental climates, respectively. Mature acorns were collected in the autumn of
2016 and pretreated for two weeks in the cold (4 °C). The acorns were then sown in plastic pots filled with
a peat/sand substrate. Four climatic variants (cold-dry, cold-wet, warm-dry and warm-wet) and a control
(average conditions) were used. Epicotyl emergence was monitored daily for 74 days. Epicotyl emergence
dynamics (maximum absolute growth rate, lag time, T50), number of days to epicotyl emergence, and cu-
mulative epicotyl emergence were measured or calculated.
The acorns from oceanic climates required more intense warm humid conditions for epicotyl emergence
than those from continental climates. In contrast, acorns from continental climates had an evolutionary
advantage in that their epicotyl emergence occurred both in cold-dry and warm-wet seasons. This indicated
that each population was adapted to its local environment
Efficiency of grain processing sector in terms of supply chain organization
Within the framework of the paper, the elements of supply chain of grain
products were identified and analyzed in terms of structure. The assessment of
the efficiency of grain processing enterprises, which are the integrator of the
chain, using the SFA method (Stochastic Frontier Approach) was carried out.
The supply chain integration degree, showing the strength of relationships of
individual enterprises with business partners, was identified
Circumferential variation in heartwood in stands of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.)
Within the framework of work on the anatomical structure and durability features
of wood, as well as analyses of radial growth, a preliminary analysis was carried
out in regard to variation in the heartwood within Black locust trees. The research
was carried out in three stands of straight-stemmed trees in western Poland. The
variation displayed by the heartwood around its circumference and the
eccentricity of the trunks was characterised with reference to: the heartwood
radial index (HRI), the cross-sectional shape factor for heartwood (CSsf) and the
pith eccentricity index (PEcc). The results confirmed a relationship between the
degree of variation around the circumference of the heartwood and the mean age
of the stands, while at the same time making clear the high level of differentiation
in radial variation at the level of the individual tree. The findings suggest that the
fertility of the habitat does not exert much of an influence on the generation of
heartwood in Black locust trees. No statistically significant relationship was
obtained when the circumferential variation of the heartwood was set against the
total height or diameter at breast-height. Only in the case of crown length, and
then only at the WoĆĂłw site, was there a moderate negative correlation with the
coefficients of circumferential variation
The geographical distribution of the black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) in Poland and its role on non-forest land
The black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) has been present in Poland for more than 200 years now, its range coming to encompass the entire country, albeit with a particular concentration of occurrence in the west. Overall, it is present in 3.4% of the stands making up Polandâs âState Forests National Forest Holdingâ (PaĆstwowe Gospodarstwo LeĆne Lasy PaĆstwowe), and is the dominant species in 0.1% of stands. Thanks to its producing durable wood of favourable energetic properties, this species is used in medium-rotation (†40-year) plantations as well as in biomass energy plantations (where there is a 5â7-year rotation). In terms of its nectar production, the black locust is second only to lime as the Polish tree best serving the production of honey. While the species shows marked expansiveness in Poland, it has not thus far been placed on the list of aliens capable of threatening native species or natural habitats. Breeding of the species has been engaged in â if to only a limited extent â in Poland for some 20 years now, and 2 selected seed stands have been registered, as well as 34 plus trees and 2 seed orchards